Basic elements of Prolog

BASIC ELEMENTS OF PROLOG

Some of the basic elements of Prolog are:

1. Term
2. Fact statements
3. Rule statements

1. Term:  A Prolog term is a constant, a variable, or a structure.

A constant is either an atom or an integer.

Atoms are the symbolic values of Prolog and are similar to their counterparts in LISP. In particular, an atom is either a string of letters, digits, and underscores that begins with a lowercase letter or a string of any printable ASCII characters delimited by apostrophes.

2. Fact statements: A fact statement is simply a proposition that is assumed to be true.

For example:  

• female(khushi). , it states Khushi is a female.
• mother(varsha, khushi). , it states Varsha is Mother of Khushi.

3. Rule Statements: Rule statements state rules of implication between propositions.

For example: ancestor(varsha, khushi) :- mother(varsha, khushi)., it states that if Varsh is the mother of Khushi, then Varsha is an ancestor of  Khushi.

Principles of Programming Languages:

EasyExamNotes.com covered following topics in PPL.

• Language Evaluation Criteria
• Influences on Language Design 
• Language Categories
• Programming Paradigms
• Compilation
• Virtual Machines 
• Programming Environments
• Issues in Language Translation
• Parse Tree 
• Pointer and Reference type
• Concept of Binding
• Type Checking
• Strong typing 
• Sequence control with Expression
• Exception Handling 
• Subprograms
• Fundamentals of sub-programs
• Scope and lifetime of variable
• Static and dynamic scope
• Design issues of subprogram and operations
• Local referencing environments
• Parameter passing methods
• Overloaded sub-programs
• Generic sub-programs 
• Design issues for functions 
• Co routines 
• Abstract Data types
• Abstraction and encapsulation
• Static and Stack-Based Storage management
• Garbage Collection
• OOP in C++
• OOP in Java 
• OOP in C# 
• OOP in PHP
• Concurrency
• Semaphores 
• Monitors
• Message passing
• Java threads 
• C# threads 
• Exception handling 
• Exceptions
• Exception Propagation 
• Exception handler in C++ 
• Exception handler in Java
• Introduction and overview of Logic programming
• Basic elements of Prolog
• Application of Logic programming
• Functional programming languages
• Introduction to 4GL 

Practicals:

• Memory Implementation of 2D Array. 
• Memory Implementation of 3D Array. 
• Implementation of pointers in C++. 
• Write a program in Java to implement exception handling.
• Write a program in C++ to implement call by value parameter passing Method.
• Write a program in C++ to implement call by reference parameter passing Method. 
• Write a program in Java to implement concurrent execution of a job using threads.
• Implement Inheritance in C#.
• Implement Encapsulation in C#.
• Implement static/compiletime Polymorphism in C#.
• Implement dynamic/runtime Polymorphism in C#.

Previous years solved papers:

• PPL|RGPV|May 2018 
• PPL|RGPV|June 2017 

A list of Video lectures

• Click here

References:

1. Sebesta,”Concept of programming Language”, Pearson Edu 
2. Louden, “Programming Languages: Principles & Practices” , Cengage Learning 
3. Tucker, “Programming Languages: Principles and paradigms “, Tata McGraw –Hill. 
4. E Horowitz, "Programming Languages", 2nd Edition, Addison Wesley