Liux:
[1]Linux origine, [2]features of Linux, [3]benefits of Linux, [4]Open source, [5]Linux architecture, [6]Linux Kernel, [7]Linux hardware software requirements, [8]Linux principles. [9]Linux basics, [10]method of changing password, [11]Linux vs Unix, [12]Linux filesystem, [13]pwd command
[1]Linux origine
Linux was started in 1990.
Linux was created by Linus Torvelds.
He released the first version of Linux on 5 October 1991.
After this, students of Helsink University and Finnish University in Transmenta, California also helped to develop Linux.
In March 1992, Linux of 1.0 kernel came into the market.
Unix knowledge was required to run it on the system.
In 1996, Linux 2.0 came into the market with many more new functions present.
In 1999, Linux 2.2 entered the market.
The version of Linux that came out in 2001 was far easier than all versions, it supported dozens of processors. Apart from this, usb and plug and play hardware was also supported.
Today, all Linux-related software is distributed under the GNU General Public License, which means that almost all software from the source code can be easily accessed.
It is available free on the Internet.
Linux is a free operating system.
Linux's source code can be modified independently and tailored to your needs.
[2]features of Linux
(i) Portability: The Linux operating system is written in a high level language, therefore, its functioning does not depend on the structure of the computer. For this reason, the entire operating system can be used by transferring it to another system.
(ii) Open System: In open system, any tool kit can be added without any hassle. Similarly, new devices can be added easily.
(iii) Programming facility: Linux operating system is very compatible for programming. All the tools required for programming, such as control structure, loop, variable etc. are available in it.
(iv) Multi User System: Linux is a multi-user system, which means that more than one user can work on multiple computers simultaneously.
(v) Multi tasking system: Multitasking means that a user can do more than one task at a time.
(vi) Tool Kit: Linux is a collection of tools, through which programming can be easily done. Many small tasks like copying files, managing data base etc. can also be done by them.
(vi) Online Help: Man command is available under Linux with which information about that command can be obtained by writing any command.
[3]Benefits of Linux
This is a free software available.
This is a real operating system.
It can be used for any computer.
This operating system can also be run by floppy disk.
It is a complete multitasking operating system.
Linux uses hard dicks as virtual memory which helps in increasing the performance of the computer.
Linux versions support all hardware devices.
Linux features graphical user interfaces.
Linux source code is available for free.
Linux has various free software available through the GNU Project.
[4]Open source
Open source refers to an operating system whose source code is available free of charge and in which changes can be made independently and can also be tailored to your needs.
An important advantage of having open software is that extensions and drivers can be written by the kernel as needed.
Another feature of open source software is that the process of testing the software and improving it is faster and better.
There are the following benefits of using open source technology:
1. New toolkit can be added without any problem
2. New device can be added easily
3. Drivers can writen as needed
[5]Linux architecture
The architecture of Linux is a layered architecture, consist following layers
(i) Hardware: The first layer in the Linux structure consists of hardware. All the hardware connected in the system comes under this layer.
(ii) Kernel: The kernel is the core program of the Linux operating system that controls the components of computer hardware that users use. Completes the process of running hardware drivers and makes the hardware usable. The hardware request made by the operating system does not go directly to the hardware. It reaches the hardware through the request kernel. And through hardware kernel, this request reaches the operating system.
(Iii) Device Driver: Programs that provide interface to the computer-connected devices (hardware) are called device drivers.
(iv) Shell: The shell command acts as an interpreter. In Linux, a user-created program is called a shell program or a shell script.
The shell acts as an interpreter for interpreting the shell program into machine language.
The shell interpreter does not interact directly with the hardware, rather it interacts with computer components through the kernel.
(v) System call library: The system call library provides the necessary interface between the process and the operating system
(vi) Standard Library: The standard library has the necessary data available for the compiler. They are required to run various command and program files.
(vii) User application: The outermost layer in the Linux structure is that of the user application. User applications are application programs in which the user creates his programs.
[6]Linux Kernel
The kernel is the core program of the Linux operating system that controls the components of computer hardware that users use. Completes the process of running hardware drivers and makes the hardware usable. The hardware request made by the operating system does not go directly to the hardware. It reaches the hardware through the request kernel. And through hardware kernel, this request reaches the operating system.
[1]Linux origine, [2]features of Linux, [3]benefits of Linux, [4]Open source, [5]Linux architecture, [6]Linux Kernel, [7]Linux hardware software requirements, [8]Linux principles. [9]Linux basics, [10]method of changing password, [11]Linux vs Unix, [12]Linux filesystem, [13]pwd command
[1]Linux origine
Linux was started in 1990.
Linux was created by Linus Torvelds.
He released the first version of Linux on 5 October 1991.
After this, students of Helsink University and Finnish University in Transmenta, California also helped to develop Linux.
In March 1992, Linux of 1.0 kernel came into the market.
Unix knowledge was required to run it on the system.
In 1996, Linux 2.0 came into the market with many more new functions present.
In 1999, Linux 2.2 entered the market.
The version of Linux that came out in 2001 was far easier than all versions, it supported dozens of processors. Apart from this, usb and plug and play hardware was also supported.
Today, all Linux-related software is distributed under the GNU General Public License, which means that almost all software from the source code can be easily accessed.
It is available free on the Internet.
Linux is a free operating system.
Linux's source code can be modified independently and tailored to your needs.
[2]features of Linux
(i) Portability: The Linux operating system is written in a high level language, therefore, its functioning does not depend on the structure of the computer. For this reason, the entire operating system can be used by transferring it to another system.
(ii) Open System: In open system, any tool kit can be added without any hassle. Similarly, new devices can be added easily.
(iii) Programming facility: Linux operating system is very compatible for programming. All the tools required for programming, such as control structure, loop, variable etc. are available in it.
(iv) Multi User System: Linux is a multi-user system, which means that more than one user can work on multiple computers simultaneously.
(v) Multi tasking system: Multitasking means that a user can do more than one task at a time.
(vi) Tool Kit: Linux is a collection of tools, through which programming can be easily done. Many small tasks like copying files, managing data base etc. can also be done by them.
(vi) Online Help: Man command is available under Linux with which information about that command can be obtained by writing any command.
[3]Benefits of Linux
This is a free software available.
This is a real operating system.
It can be used for any computer.
This operating system can also be run by floppy disk.
It is a complete multitasking operating system.
Linux uses hard dicks as virtual memory which helps in increasing the performance of the computer.
Linux versions support all hardware devices.
Linux features graphical user interfaces.
Linux source code is available for free.
Linux has various free software available through the GNU Project.
[4]Open source
Open source refers to an operating system whose source code is available free of charge and in which changes can be made independently and can also be tailored to your needs.
An important advantage of having open software is that extensions and drivers can be written by the kernel as needed.
Another feature of open source software is that the process of testing the software and improving it is faster and better.
There are the following benefits of using open source technology:
1. New toolkit can be added without any problem
2. New device can be added easily
3. Drivers can writen as needed
[5]Linux architecture
The architecture of Linux is a layered architecture, consist following layers
(i) Hardware: The first layer in the Linux structure consists of hardware. All the hardware connected in the system comes under this layer.
(ii) Kernel: The kernel is the core program of the Linux operating system that controls the components of computer hardware that users use. Completes the process of running hardware drivers and makes the hardware usable. The hardware request made by the operating system does not go directly to the hardware. It reaches the hardware through the request kernel. And through hardware kernel, this request reaches the operating system.
(Iii) Device Driver: Programs that provide interface to the computer-connected devices (hardware) are called device drivers.
(iv) Shell: The shell command acts as an interpreter. In Linux, a user-created program is called a shell program or a shell script.
The shell acts as an interpreter for interpreting the shell program into machine language.
The shell interpreter does not interact directly with the hardware, rather it interacts with computer components through the kernel.
(v) System call library: The system call library provides the necessary interface between the process and the operating system
(vi) Standard Library: The standard library has the necessary data available for the compiler. They are required to run various command and program files.
(vii) User application: The outermost layer in the Linux structure is that of the user application. User applications are application programs in which the user creates his programs.
[6]Linux Kernel
The kernel is the core program of the Linux operating system that controls the components of computer hardware that users use. Completes the process of running hardware drivers and makes the hardware usable. The hardware request made by the operating system does not go directly to the hardware. It reaches the hardware through the request kernel. And through hardware kernel, this request reaches the operating system.
Following are the main functions of the Kernel:
(i) Time Sharing Primitive: The important function of the kernel is time sharing. Time sharing provides extreme reliability to computer systems for predictive multi-tasking. This allows the system to deal with external events, such as incoming data, immediately.
(ii) Virtual memory: Virtual memory is similar to a memory management technique developed for multitasking kernels. This technical computer virtualizes the architecture of many forms of data storage.
(iii) Demand Paging: Kernels are also used in demand paging. Demand paging in the system is used by the operating system to copy disk pages into physical memory. The disk page is copied only when the error of the page fault occurs.
(iv) Memory Management: Memory management is an important function of the kernel. Memory management manages computer memory.
[7]Linux hardware software requirements
Linux is a multi-user operating system. The hardware and software required to install Linux is mainly the following: -
(i) X86 processor: Intel compatible CPU is required to install Linux in a computer. 80386 or above can be used to install Linux.
(ii) Floppy disk or CD ROM: To install Linux operating system in the system, a floppy disk or CD ROM must be present in the computer. Earlier Linux operating system software used to be available in floppy, so a floppy disk was needed to install Linux, but now most software is available in CD itself, so CD ROM is required to install it.
(iii) Hard disk: A hard disk is required in the computer to install Linux, which requires at least 350 MB of free space. The need for free space in hard dicks depends on the type and package of installation. If the work station has to be installed, then the hard disk of the computer should have 1.6 GB of space.
(iv) RAM: If the computer has to install Red Hat Linux or any version of Fedora Linux, then it requires at least 32 MB of RAM in the computer. And running Linux in graphical mode requires at least 64 MB of RAM.
(v) Bootup disk: The bootup disk is used to boot the system before running the Linux installation program. For this it is necessary to have a file of FDISK name in the floppy or CD.
[8]Linux principles
1. In linux everything is in the form of files
2. Small programs are created to perform single tasks in Linux.
3. In Linux, to perform a complex task, the program is combined and combined as a chain.
4. Configuration data is stored in text.
[9]Linux basics
(i) Login to Linux system: Linux operating system can be used only by users whose account is managed separately on the computer system. An account is opened to operate the Linux system, through which one can enter the system.
To login on the computer, the user name and password are entered into the computer.
(ii) Console Mode:If the computer screen is visible in text mode, it means that the computer screen is in console mode. When the computer is in console mode, the computer is run by text command. In console mode, various shells are used to run the computer. Bourne shell is used more.
(iii) Graphical Turn: The graphical mode is also similar to the console mode. Instead of text commands in graphical mode, the user uses the computer directly from the graphic environment. Like - icon of file folder etc., help in running the computer.
In graphical mode, work is done on the X window.
[10]method of changing password
The passwd command is used to change the password. The passwd command is typed as soon as the current password is entered, then the new password is entered, then the new password is entered, after the new password is entered, the new The password is entered back, which is called confirming the password. If there is no mistake in retyping the password, then the password can be changed successfully.
[11]Linux vs Unix
Linux
1. Linux is an example of open source software development and free operating system.
2. Linux can be downloaded for free.
3. It can be anyone from user to developer.
4. Linux has two graphical user interfaces KDE and GNOME.
5. It has a Bourne Again Shell (BASH) default shell.
6. Linux supports Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, Reiserfs, Xfs, Btrfs etc. file systems.
Unix
1. Unix is very famous in operating systems, universities, companies and big enterprises etc.
2. Unix cannot be downloaded for free.
3. The Unix operating system is designed primarily for users of mainframe servers and workstations.
4. In Unix, only one graphical user interface is created, which is called Common Desktop Environment.
5. It does not contain the default BASH shell.
6. Unix jfs, gpfs, hfs, ufs, xfs, zfs etc. support file format system.
[12]Linux filesystem
Following are the standard directories of Linux and their utility : -
(i) / bin directory: It stores utility programs and comments.
(ii) / dev directory: This directory stores files related to computer accessories like - printer , microphone , audio devices , storage devices ( hard disk, floppy disk, CD Rome ) etc.
(iii) / lib directory: It store a system library.
(Iv) / Etc directory: The different types of mixed and additional files.
(v) / home directory: Directories created by user are available here.
(vi) / user directory: the directory stores useful additional commands and utility for the user such as games programs are present, Self-created programs are present.
(vii) / mnt directory: This directory makes external storage part of it.
(Viii) / Tmp directory: This directory stores temporary logic falls.
(ix) / var directory: This directory stores system log and diffeent utility files.